Psychological and Physiological Responses to Traumatic Memories in STARTTS’ clients
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Integration of traumatic experiences into existing memory scheme is greater under the strong and intense emotional reaction. The intense emotion cause memory of the particular event to be dissociated from consciousness and to be stored as: a) visceral (intuitive) sensations (anxiety, panic) or/and b) visual images (nightmares/flashbacks). It 1889 Pierre Janet determined that a fundament of mental activities is a storage and categorisation of incoming sensations that are stored into the memory; today known as semantic- declarative memories. Once the traumatic experience was integrated into the existing mental schemata it will no longer be accessible as a separate entity, it will however be distorted by the experiences prior and by the emotional state of the time of the recall. Traumatic memories are state dependent. Increased arousal provokes traumatic memories, sensory information and behaviour associated with prior traumatic experiences. Thus the arousal is increased in clients who were previously exposed to high stress, fears, avoidance and whose experiences were incorporated into their mental schemata in a form of somatic and symbolic memory.
Physiological response to trauma is based on a release of Norepinephrine (NE) a neurotransmitter released from the Locus Coeruleus (LC). NE is released: a) into the hypothalamus, which increases arousal and body defences by the Behavioural Facilitating System (BFS), activating CNS into the state of emergency; and b) into the Septo-Hippocampal System where mental activities are stored and categorised. When NE is high it increases physiological arousal, that can trigger traumatic memories. Re-experiencing traumas in a form of nightmares/ and flashbacks cause re-releasing of stress hormones; which reduce memory creating “Black Wholes” (Pitman & Orr, 2007). High level of hormones at the time of trauma plays a role in a Long Term Potentiation (LTP) and over-consolidation of traumatic memories. Endogenous stress hormones affect strength of memory consolidation. NE, endorphin and oxytocins inhibit memory consolidation and create amnesia.
T&T Survivors are aroused being brought to a particular state of mind, back to traumatic experiences, State Dependent Memory in which the traumatic material could be easily accessible and treated.